jQuery: The Basics
This is a basic tutorial, designed to help you get started using jQuery. If you don't have a test page setup yet, start by creating a new HTML page with the following contents:
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript" src="jquery.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
</script>
</head>
<body>
<a href="http://jquery.com/">jQuery</a>
</body>
</html>
Edit the src attribute in the script tag to point to your copy of jquery.js.
For example, if jquery.js is in the same directory as your HTML file, you
can use:
<script type="text/javascript" src="jquery.js"></script>
You can download your own copy of jQuery from the Downloading jQuery page.
Launching Code on Document Ready
The first thing that most Javascript programmers end up doing is adding some code to their program, similar to this:
window.onload = function(){ alert("welcome"); }
Inside of which is the code that you want to run right when the page is loaded. Problematically, however, the Javascript code isn't run until all images are finished downloading (this includes banner ads). The reason for using window.onload in the first place is that the HTML 'document' isn't finished loading yet, when you first try to run your code.
To circumvent both problems, jQuery has a simple statement that checks the document and waits until it's ready to be manipulated, known as the ready event:
$(document).ready(function(){
// Your code here
});
Inside the ready event, add a click handler to the link:
$(document).ready(function(){
$("a").click(function(event){
alert("Thanks for visiting!");
});
});
Save your HTML file and reload the test page in your browser. Clicking the link on the page should make a browser's alert pop-up, before leaving to go to the main jQuery page.
For click and most other events, you can prevent the default behaviour - here, following the link to jquery.com - by calling event.preventDefault() in the event handler:
$(document).ready(function(){
$("a").click(function(event){
alert("As you can see, the link no longer took you to jquery.com");
event.preventDefault();
});
});
Complete Example
The following is an example of what the complete HTML file might look like if you were to use the script in your own file. Note that it links to Google's CDN to load the jQuery core file. Also, while the custom script is included in the <head>, it is generally preferable to place it in a separate file and refer that file with the script element's src attribute
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.3/jquery.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function(){
$("a").click(function(event){
alert("As you can see, the link no longer took you to jquery.com");
event.preventDefault();
});
});
</script>
</head>
<body>
<a href="http://jquery.com/">jQuery</a>
</body>
</html>
Adding and Removing a CSS Class
Important: The remaining jQuery examples will need to be placed inside the ready event so that they are executed when the document is ready to be worked on. See Launching Code on Document Ready above for details.
Another common task is adding (or removing) a CSS (Cascading Style Sheet) class.
First, add some style information into the <head> of your document, like this:
<style type="text/css">
a.test { font-weight: bold; }
</style>
Next, add the addClass call to your script:
$("a").addClass("test");
All your a elements will now be bold.
To remove the class, use removeClass
$("a").removeClass("test");
- (CSS allows multiple classes to be added to an element.)
Special Effects
In jQuery, a couple of handy effects are provided, to really make your web site stand out. To put this to the test, change the click that you added earlier to this:
$("a").click(function(event){
event.preventDefault();
$(this).hide("slow");
});
Now, if you click any link, it should make itself slowly disappear.
Callback and Functions
A callback is a function that is passed as an argument to another function and is executed after its parent function has completed. The special thing about a callback is that functions that appear after the "parent" can execute before the callback executes.
Another important thing to know is how to properly pass the callback. This is where I have often forgotten the proper syntax.
Callback without arguments
For a callback with no arguments you pass it like this:
$.get('myhtmlpage.html', myCallBack);
Note that the second parameter here is simply the function name (but not as a string and without parentheses). Functions in Javascript are 'First class citizens' and so can be passed around like variable references and executed at a later time.
Callback with arguments
"What do you do if you have arguments that you want to pass?", you might ask yourself.
Wrong
The Wrong Way (will not work!)
$.get('myhtmlpage.html', myCallBack(param1, param2));
This will not work because it calls
myCallBack(param1, param2)
and then passes the return value as the second parameter to $.get().
Right
The problem with the above example is that myCallBack(param1, param2) is evaluated before being passed as a function. Javascript and by extension jQuery expects a function pointer in cases like these. I.E. setTimeout function.
In the below usage, an anonymous function is created (just a block of statements) and is registered as the callback function. Note the use of 'function(){'. The anonymous function does exactly one thing: calls myCallBack, with the values of param1 and param2 in the outer scope.
$.get('myhtmlpage.html', function(){
myCallBack(param1, param2);
});
param1 and param2 are evaluated as a callback when the '$.get' is done getting the page.
src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js">
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